"In July of 1911, for example, a month after Taylor's series of articles was completed in the American Magazine, a school board member from Allegheny, Pennsylvania told the N.E.A. that the two words which were 'electrifying the industrial world—scientific management' contained a 'message' for every teacher, and near the end of his speech he indicated that if teachers did not voluntarily take steps to increase their efficiency the business world would force them to do so. As a result great energy was expended on using the available tests and on developing new tests or scales or rating sheets or anything else that would seem to provide tangible evidence of efficiency." Raymond E. Callahan

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