"The effectiveness of power-over decreases as the educational level of subordinates increases. It becomes negative when the educational level of the subordinates is higher than that of their bosses."

~ Ackoff, F-laws

Note: The basis of this f-Law is as follows: the more power-over educated subordinates that managers exercise, the less is their power-to get them to do what they want them to.
Power-over is the ability to reward or punish subordinates for meeting or missing their boss's expectations. Power-to is the ability to induce them to do willingly what the boss wants them to. Therefore, the ultimate source of power-over is physical or economic, but the ultimate source of power-to is intelligence.

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